Congressman Beyer on Affordable Housing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1411 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Affordable Housing Essay Did you like this example? Congressman Don Beyer understands the inherent need for the families of civil servants and veterans to be provided with affordable housing to call home. Looking across the Potomac river, Congressman Don Beyer recognized the effectiveness of the Montgomery County program, the Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU) system, and wishes to apply lessons learned across the river to his constituents in Virginia. Congressman Beyer plans to introduce a legislative initiative that would retool the current program Affordable Dwelling Home (ADH) in order to provide an overwhelming expansion of housing available for civil servants and veterans. Additionally, this initiative will conduct a total review of the application process for determining the need for housing based on the income of an applicant. Congressman Beyer also understands that in order to sustain future ADH development and foster a competitive, well rounded program, the needs of the program must be based upon square footage of housing units, rather than solely basing development of the program on the number of housing units built, so that the district, counties, townships can be better prepared to accommodate the influx of families. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Congressman Beyer on Affordable Housing" essay for you Create order During his tenure as congressman, Representative Beyer has voted in favor of numerous bills that protect the housing of veterans and civil servants in his district and around the nation. Drawing from his legislative and philanthropic record, Congressman Beyer has time and time again shown his total devotion to standing up for the housing rights for all that inhabit this country. In the house, Congressman Beyer is not afraid to stand up to Republicans, but has also shown his willingness to reach across the aisle to his Republican counterparts and reach legislative agreements between parties. The protection of housing rights of not only his constituents by the American people is of the utmost importance to the legislative agenda for Congressman Beyer. Congressman Beyer, a lifelong servant to Virginia and its people, offers a continuation of a positive choice for Virginias 8th Congressional District. Congressman Beyer is committed to fighting for every inch of legislation for Virginia, and will strive to create unbreakable bonds between Virginia and Capitol Hill, while reaching across party lines to better strengthen the standing of the United States. In 1991, social and political scientist Daniel Kelovich authored the book, Coming to public judgment: Making democracy work in a complex world, in which he wrote about the publics attitudes towards issues and credit claiming, and made a compelling distinction between public opinion and public judgment. According to Kelovich, public opinion reflects the current leanings of the public on an issue at any given moment. This then, by its nature, fluctuates at the total whim of the public. Public opinion is not necessarily based upon knowledge of facts, but more reliant upon the emotional ebb and flow driven by the media. Conversely, public judgment can be seen as less susceptible to the emotional ebb and flow of the public and based more upon facts than anything else. Therefore, when a constituency makes a judgment on an issue, according to Kelovich, it means that a semi-total understanding of an issue has been met. The public have checked their sources, collected multiple corroborating o pinions, and have weighed the future implications of a policy. Congress, then, is charged with the task of formulating legislative agendas and initiatives that reflect in theory the judgment of their consistency, as opposed to forming legislative agendas and initiatives based off of public opinion. Virginias 8th Congressional District makes up the better half of Northern Virginia. By the grace of its geographical location, the 8th district is directly across from the Washington D.C. , which means many of the individuals that work across the river for the federal government make up the Districts population. Furthermore, Northern Virginia is home to a handful of major government agencies headquarters; the Pentagon, Fort Myer, Fort Belvoir, Marine Corps Base Quantico, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and the United States Geological Survey all reside within the 8th Congressional District of Virginia. It is not small leap then to identify why Representative Beyer has been the serving champion of the wants and needs for government employees and armed service members. By taking the stance of providing affordable housing to the underprivileged of the government working class, Representative Beyer telegraphs to his constituency that he understand their needs and wishes to endow them with the amenities that should be afforded to them for their service to the country. By providing the voter base with a solid voting record, greater amounts of trust can be endowed upon his legislative agenda. The first paragraph of the policy meme addresses Representative Beyers commitment to enacting policy that would directly impact his constituents, and sets forth a plan of action as to how the Affordable Dwelling Home (ADH) would be retooled to better serve the district. In addition to be connected with his voter base, Representative Beyer has the legislative record and political experience to prove that he will continue to fight for the representation of his constituency and the privileges they wish to be granted and upheld. Cosponsoring bills suchs as H. R. 5602, which seeks to amend the United States Housing Act of 1937 and to establish pass-through lease arrangements for uninhabitable dwelling units, and for other purposes (Affordable Housing Protection Act, section 2, 2018). This amendment to the original 1937 bill would, if passed, would create a safety net for individuals living within affordable housing by providing Any owner of a covered dwelling unit that was rendered uninhabitable shall, if approved by the Secretary, temporarily lease a habitable dwelling unit in another building for the covered resident for the period during which such unit is repaired (Affordable Housing Protection Act, section 2, line 7, 2018). In the second paragraph of the policy meme, Representative Beyers voting record is first hinted at, while maintain that he is still and able to stand up to Republicans, thus showing his total willingness to stand up for his constituency and be their champion in Washington D.C.. In 2017, Representative Beyer co sponsored a bill entitled, Housing Our Heroes Act, which would direct the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to establish a pilot grant program to acquire and renovate abandoned homes for homeless veterans (Housing Our Heroes Act, para 1, 2017). Representative Beyer was one of thirteen Democracy working with five Republicans to introduce the bill to the floor. Showing his willingness to reach across party lines to reach a consensus to benefit the entire country is noteworthy, especially in todays current political climate of polarization. Additionally, in 2017, Representative Beyer toured the construction site of St. James Plaza. As reported by AHC Inc., the non-profit financing the project: St. James Plaza will include a mix of efficiencies, one-two- and three-bedroom apartments. Rents will range from 40% to 60% of the Area Median Income. The property will also include underground parking, a fitness center, and a community room for residents. The building will meet the highest EarthCraft environmental certification. Families are expected to move into the building in mid-2018. By touring public work initiatives, it serves as an indication to the voters more importantly, the underprivileged that will be served by the project that his legislative initiative extends further than the halls of the Capitol building. Furthermore, Gary C. Jacobson, author of The Politics of Congressional Elections, asserts, At the most basic level, people hesitate to vote for candidates they know nothing at all about (Jacobson, 2013, 130). Therefore, the mear action of visiting a construction site of a project allows the voters to have a clear view of Representative Beyers actions, and allows the media to document and project his doings. The act of virtue signaling to his base could have a positive impact on future election and further support for his actions. A combination of the assertions of Gary C. Jacobson and Daniel Selovich indicate that public knowledge of your doings can help inform the judgment of voters, and, as indicated previously, prove to potentially be a powerful tool in campaigning for reelection. To conclude, the path towards success of Representative Beyers potential legislative agenda lies in his ability to inform the judgment of his constituent and entice them to join his camp by providing a solid voting record, while continually attempting to work across the aisle to secure a better future for his district and the nation. The success and caring of voters is paramount, and Representative Beyers voting record and trend as a legislator indicate his total resolve for his district.

Operations Management - 4008 Words

ADL 62 (Technology Management) Assignment – A ANS 1 (a) Economic analysis of technology. Economic analysis of technology deals with the evaluation of techno capitalism, technological diffusion, technology acceptance model, technology lifecycle, and technology transfer effects to the economy of a particular industry, group or country. Techno capitalism describes the changes in capitalism based on the changes in technology. Technological diffusion implies a form of conditional convergence as lagging countries catch up with technological leaders. Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the prediction of the acceptability of an information system. The purpose of this model is to predict†¦show more content†¦Technology scanning is a business process that fills the gap between market orientation and performance by facilitating innovation. It is a tool that managers of market-oriented firms can use to achieve superior performance by facilitating innovation. Technology scanning is a way of taking a creative look at the world of technological deve lopments and the cultural, regulatory, and business environments in which they emerge. Technology Scanning searches for technology developments in other industries, from other nations, federal laboratories, and other building sectors that could transferred and applied to the housing industry. Technology Scanning will be updated as technology developments dictate. Technology Scanning is comprised of a series of facts, each can be divided into the following categories: †¢ Design and Internet Tools †¢ Safety †¢ Surfaces and Interior Finishes †¢ Building Envelope Technologies †¢ Electrical †¢ Plumbing †¢ Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning †¢ Energy/Power Systems Generation †¢ Basic Materials †¢ Information Technology †¢ Sustainable Design Strategies †¢ Materials Recycling and Reuse †¢ Thermal and Moisture Protection †¢ Indoor Environmental Quality (d) Technology Life Cycle Most new technologies follow a similar technology maturity lifecycle describing the technological maturity of a product. This is not similar toShow MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. 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In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage

Sustainable and Ecotourism Free Essays

string(113) " message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world\." Current economic issues and theory Sustainable and Ecotourism Tourism Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world. It growth has been one of the major economic and social phenomena of the twentieth century. Tourism has expanded dramatically over the last years and has become a global industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable and Ecotourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can define tourism as the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"movement of people, spatially and temporally, out of their own communities for leisure and business purposes†. According to the  World Tourism Organisation  (WTO) tourist is a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"visitor staying for more than 24 hours in a country visited for business or leisure purposes†. The term tourism is an umbrella for all relationships and phenomena associated with people who are travelling, whatever the reason. It has no clear boundaries and could be viewed as an industry itself. In my work I would like to show the relationship between the tourism and environment. For the tourism service providers the most important is to grow the industry itself and attract more visitors to destinations. Their main purpose is to gain more and more profit. I think that these type of thinking can be harmful for environment. Similar essay: Role of Advertisement in Tourism Development Tourism and tourist can effect negatively the environment therefore we can talk about a form of tourism which is unsastainable. In this essay I will concern this issue too but my main topic is the sustainability. Fortunately in last years people recognised the importance of the environment and nowadays they are taking this issue seriously. The tourism has negative but also positive impact on the environment therefore we can talk about a sustainable tourism. In the following I deal with this issue more detailed and I try to find the answer how popular it is among tourists or tour operators. Unsustainable tourism As I mentioned tourism is now among the world’s most relevant industries generating jobs for millions of people and profit all over the world. At the same time tourism can have dire effects on the people and places it embraces. Mainly the mass toursim has negative effects. What can be the worst effects of unmanaged, unsustainable tourism? – previously undeveloped coastal villages can become sprawling, charmless towns o their seas poisoned by sewage their beaches stained with litter – historic towns and their streets choked with traffic – some of the world’s richest environments bruised by the tourist onslaught – distinctive wildlife driven to near-extinction – changes in the landscape coming from the construction of infrastructure, buildings and facilities – air pollution and waste – the intensive use of water and land by tourism and leisure facilities – the disturbance of fauna and local peop le (for example, by noise) We can write many pros and cons of tourism. I think the worst effect of unsustainable tourism is when only the financial profit come into the strong focus. Becuse tourism makes a few people extremely rich, while impoverishing the majority, who lose their land, their resources and their sense of self. Tourism is not just about money, it should give benefits for tourist and local communities too. The main goals of tourism should include: the satisfaction of tourists, profit for tourism industry, wealth to local people. Changes in the landscape coming from the construction of infrastructure, buildings and facilities is one of the disadvantage of sustainable tourism but this can also benefit to local communities. I think the cooperation between the tourism industry providers (relevant ministries, government, management) and local organizations and communities can mitigate the negative effects. Sustainable Tourism Definition Sustainable Tourism involves social responsibility, a strong commitment to nature and the integration of local people in any tourist operation or development. Sustainable tourism has several definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is: â€Å"All forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perpetuity. † (FNNP, 1993) Sustainable tourism is defined by the  World Tourism Organisation(WTO), the  Tourism Council  (WTTC) and the  Earth Council  as: Sustainable Tourism Development meets the needs of present tourists, host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products which are operated in harmony with the local environment, community and cultures so that these become the beneficiaries not the victims of tourism development. Sum up these definitions I can say that sustainable tourism is the form of tourism that does not reduce the availability of resources and does not prevent future travelers from enjoying the same experience. Responsible Tourism, Soft Tourism, Minimum Impact Tourism and Alternative Tourism are terms with a similar meaning as Sustainable Tourism. Sustainable Tourism Development The significance and volume of tourism shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of â€Å"alternative† tourism in order to minimise the negative effects and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment. In my point of view it can be fully executed if the government, the managers and leaders of tourism industry recognise the harmful and negative effects of tourism and they introduce more regulations related to sustainability, they motivate tour opartors to promote this type of tourism among their clients and they release more related ads and topics in media. This is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism industry. The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†. Since its publication, the role of tourism has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared. The main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. You read "Sustainable and Ecotourism" in category "Essay examples" Ecological sustainability means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destination’s ecosystem. There is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. Indicators of Sustainability â€Å"Indicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions† (WTO, 1996). In other words, in the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools. â€Å"Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the [tourist] industry depends† (WTO, 1996). There are some factors which are pushing the tourism industry towards a sustainable development approach: – Increasing regulatory measures The awareness by governments and operators that the growth of tourism can have a negative impact on the environment I think the government and the competent ministries should take the first steps. They should corporate with tourism service providers and with the management and create new regulations and laws. It is very important to take into account sustainability and preservation of nature. – Tourism professional s and operators recognise that environmental quality is essential for a competitive product – Growing wareness of cost savings from sensible resource consumption – Growing awareness of communities about their potential to influence tourism policy Similiar forms of tourism Responsible Tourism Tourism which operates in such a way as to minimize negative impacts on the environment. For example a  forest trip using â€Å"Leave No Trace† ethics would be considered responsible tourism while dune buggy tours would not. Nature-Based Tourism A term for any activity or travel experience with a focus on nature. These types of trips may or may not be environmentally sustainable or responsible. A cruise ships to view penguins in Antarctica fall into this category. I think that this type of tourism is sligthly more popular than sustainable tourism. It needs fewer responsibilty. Travels or trips in nature have always been very sought and beloved among families or other target groups. For example in my village and in the neighboring settlements exist tourist groups who regularly participate in different type of nature-based tours. They often go hiking, climbing, they participate on wine tours, visit thermal bathes or observe animals. They like nature and activities connected to nature but it is not guarantee that they conserve the nature and they improve the place they visit. Green Tourism Often used inter-changeably with eco-tourism and sustainable tourism   but more precisely described as â€Å"any activity or facility operating in an environmentally friendly fashion†. A lodge with composting toilets and solar powered lighting is probably â€Å"green†. There are varying degrees of â€Å"greenness†; an awareness of where resources are coming from and where wastes are going is at the heart of the idea. Ecotourism The Ecotourism Society defines it as â€Å"responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of the local people†. A rafting trip is ecotourism in that case when it raises awareness and help to protect the watershed. A walk in the rainforest is not ecotourism unless that particular walk somehow benefits that environment and the people who live there. Eco-tourism means when you go to a  trip and you will help to „conserve and improve† the place you visit. In the last few years ecotourism has become a buzz word to sell a variety of products. Almost any term prefixed with ‘eco’ will increase interest and sales. Thus, in the last few years there has been a proliferation of advertisements in the travel field with such references as ecotour, ecotravel, eco-vacation, eco (ad) ventures, eco-cruises, eco-safaris and of course, eco-tourism (Wight, 1994). In my opinion some companies use the word ’eco’ because of particular ineterest or benefit. Maybe that ’eco-products’ and ’eco-services’ make them better reputation or greater madia interest. Therefore I think there are some companies which are not totally aware of the meaning ’eco’ and they use it for their advantage. Marta Honey’s book â€Å"Ecotourism and Sustainable Development†Ã‚  determine 7 defining points of ecotourism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1) Involves travel to natural destinations – remote areas, enviromental protection. In my point of view it can be dangerous because in remote areas there are living just small group of people who can form a quite closed community. For them it can be strange to accept and receive tourist, especially huge number of tourist. In other hand, growing tourism have other consequences – to build the necessary infrastructure which could change the local ’untouched’ environment. In that case I think the tour operators and organizers should keep the tourism under control, regulate the number of tourists, involve local people to the whole process. For example using private accomodation instead of big hotels can be a good idea or small restaurants which offer local foods can be attractive for tourist and prifitable for local people. 2) Minimizes impact – ecotourism – use recycled materials, plentyfully available local building materials, renewable sources of energy, recycling and safe disposal of waste and garbage, environmentally and culturally sensitive architectural design. In my opinion it is relevant to draw people’s attention to these methods or they should be regulated in order to ensure limited damage to the ecosystem. ) Builds environmental awareness  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   education for both tourists and residents; free educational trips, reading materials – The Ecotourism Societies guidelines; well-trained, multilingual naturalist guides with skills in natural and cultural history, environmental interpretation, ethical principles and effective communication. I think it is important for tourist to gain some knowledge about the host country. Every nation has other regulations, habbits, values and culture. Environmental regulations and attitude to sustainability differ from country to country and therefore it is recommended to be informed of certain things. ) Provides direct financial benefits for conservation – park entrance fees, tour company, hotel, airline and airport taxes and voluntary contributions. 5) Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people – local community must be involved with and receive income and other tangible benefits (potable water, roads, health clinics, etc. ) from the conservation area and it’s tourist facilities. I think the popular destination, for example National Parks and other conservation areas will only survive if there are â€Å"happy people† around their perimeters. ) Respects local culture – learning beforehand about the local customs, respecting dress codes and other social norms. As I earli er mentioned gain some knowledge about the host country will benefit us. 7) Supports human rights and democratic movements – Ecotourist need to be sensitive to the host country’s political environment and social climate and need to consider the merits of international boycotts called for by those supporting democratic reforms, majority rule, and human rights. Marketing for sustainable tourism According to my view an intensive marketing activity can greatly influence the success of a given topic. For instance if the marketers release lot of articles and ads about the sustainability and the importance of it as a  result more and more people are going to deal with the topic. If the marketers raise the public attention than they can make the next step more easily. Implementation of the marketing concept in tourism can be achieved through the use of a variety of marketing tools and techniques (Popadopolous, 1989; Calantone and Mazanec, 1991). Segmentation Successful market segmentation and targeting involve the appropriate matching of tourist needs with the experience being offered, and, in the case of sustainable tourism, the need for this match is particularly important (Tregear et al. , 1997). Tourism organizations need to give greater consideration to segmenting their market with a view to concentrating on those categories of visitor that are not only economically attractive, but are also likely to be susceptible to messages aimed at encouraging them to adopt sustainable behaviors (Dinan, 2000). I think that during the segmentation process the tourism organizations can choose the right target group who will address later with intensive markerting campaign. On the other hand it is also important to deal with people who are not yet the ecaxt target audience. There are key members, for example the tour oparators or travel agents who can influnce the tourists and encourage them to pay greater attention to sustainable tours. Marketing mix All elements of the marketing mix need to be in harmony in order to increase the success Product If we would like to achieve more sustainable tourism we should developing products which are more sustainable in nature- conservation holidays, vacation packages using public transport rather than private cars, small-scale rural community-based tourism initiatives- and moving away from offering products which are intrinsically not sustainable- hunting trips, destinations with poor environmental standards. Intermediaries between tourists and tourism service providers are tour operators who create complete holiday packages and bring together a variety of services. These packages are marketed to customers either directly or through travel agents. Each package generally consists of accommodation (often with food service), transport both to and from the destination, ground transport within the destination and events or activities. Today, many consumers expect from the tour operators to supply them products which provide not just quality and value-for-money, but also safeguard environmental and social sustainability. Example The Green Travel Market is a global facility to integrate sustainable products into the packages of European and Northern American tour operators. Green Travel Market gives up-to-date and reliable information on existing sustainable tourism products: destinations, protected areas, accommodation networks, individual accommodation, visitor attractions and activities, excursions or tours, incoming tour operators and transport services. Green Travel Marker is in contact with more than 1. 500 touroperators and with its wide range of services help to local products and services to reach European and US tour operators and media. Price The price paid by the tourist should cover the full cost of their holiday. The cost must also be high enough to: – Ensure a satisfactory experience for the tourist I think satisfactory experience means quality and value for the money paid by the tourist. In the case of sustainabilty there are added other values, for example connection to nature, preservation of the origin environment, improve the visited area or just raise awareness. I have heard several times that the tourists were not totally satisfied with their holiday. Maybe the accomodation had not that quality what the travel agency promised or tourists did not receive a service or the visited place were not an ecotourist destination however they paid for it. I guess in these cases the travel agencies are quilty or faulty because they always have to be aware of the services they offer. They always should have up-to-date information and organise trips for the agents in order to get familiar with the offered destination. – Provide a satisfactory level of profit for the tourism industry – Generate an appropriate level of benefits for the host community – Cover costs involved in putting right any damage caused by the tourist to the environment – Pay for the resources consumed by the tourist Place Place refers to the location at which any service component the subject of the marketing campaign will be delivered. Place also refer to the channels of information that are used to spread the message. Promotion I think promotion has the most important role of all elements of marketing mix. By using promotional techniques we can create more sustainable forms of tourism. We can reach large number of people by suing promotional methods. Sustainable promotion should focus on promoting and advertising a tourist site, highlighting the unique characteristics of the area in order not to cause disappointment and frustration among tourists. It is important to promote brochures and advertisements which reflect reality. In my opinion it is necessary to show pictures of a given destination in order to get more realistic picture. An other good idea can be to create a blog where tourists can share their experineces and give some advice for future travelers. Tourism organizations and destinations can also use literature and advertisements to raise tourist awareness relating to sustainability. They can undertake ‘green marketing’ or promote soft tourism and infomr tourists of the impacts of their presence. Tools Communicating sustainability It is essential to inform tourists in a positive way about sustainability efforts and draw attention that environmental quality means quality tourism experience. If we talk about environmental quality we can mention the following: small-scale, quality service, personal relations, traditions, intact and protected nature, rest, modern lifestyle and healthy and local food. Eco-labelled products provide good quality service and quality products should respect the environment. Example Communication efforts of VISIT The European VISIT initiative developed its own communication strategy for environmental quality in tourism. In 2002, the VISIT image campaign was launched under the motto: â€Å"Caring for the Environment †¦ is caring for the Visitor†. This slogan connects environmental quality with the quality of the product and experiences in addition it raises the overall awereness about this topic. They used print and online media (brochures, catalogues, website, publications) in order to spread the message. The VISIT Holiday Guide was launched in 2003 under the motto â€Å"Your visit makes the difference†. It provides detailed and structured description of more than 1,000 hotels, bed breakfasts, holiday houses, youth hostels, camping sites and restaurants. Education and awareness programmes Environmental education  is a learning process that increases people’s knowledge and awareness about the environment and associated challenges, develops the necessary skills and expertise to address the challenges, fosters attitudes, motivations and commitments to make informed decisions and take responsible action (UNESCO, Tbilisi Declaration, 1978). Education and awareness programm should address to both the professional sector and the general public. These programms should contain information about the direct and indirect impacts of tourism, the causes with his effects, the global and local issues, the immediate and long-term issues and good practices in the area. Key members of spreading information are tour operators. They can provide variety of information about sustainable tourism issues, encourage their clients to conserve, avoid negative impacts on environment and cultural heritage, to respect national egislation of the visited area as well as traditions of local communities. Education and awareness-raising is also required at all levels of government. The relevant ministries have to deal with tourism and enviromental issues. It is quite important to raise awareness within the academic sector responsible for training and research on issues regarding sustainable tourism. In my opinion the education and awareness programs m eans the most important tools of promotion and form the basis of the sustainable marketing. It is essential to start raise awareness in the kindergarten or in elementary school. If we show good example for children and we emphasize the importance of sustainability and preservation they will take this issue seriously form they childhood. I think that is the problem in many countries because people often feel that enviromental problems are just magnified and we have other problems in society or in our life which are more important or urgent. But it is not true because if we don’t take seriously these problems and don’t deal with that issue now maybe that we can do nothing in the future. It is the responsibilty of all people to conserve the environonment and draw other people attention to the importance of the issue. Ecotourism in Hungary In the last few years Hungary has taken a really proactive approach to ecotourism. The country has more than 300 nationally protected areas and over 1 000 locally protected sites. Hungary’s attitude towards conservation and preservation is one that facilitates ecotourism efforts by local businesses and ecotourism demand from tourists. Hungary is a great place where tourists and local people can find number of way to relax and have fun. In the following I  will show some good opportunity for ecotourism in Hungary. Budapest Budapest is the Hungary’s capital and an increasingly popular spot for tourists. With its rich and complex history, stunning architecture, lovely people, and fantastic culture, Budapest is one of the great cities of Eastern Europe. Budapest’s Urban Adventures offer some great, locally-run day tours with a touch of ecotourism for everyone. Their specially designed Budapest tours allow visitors to discover the city in a  personal and unique way. Unique  local experiences  are integral to responsible travel, and one of the classic local experiences in Budapest is to visit cities thermal baths. Visitors can learn about the country’s spa traditions and explore some of the city’s best landmarks on this adventure. These thermal baths are  icons of Budapest, and are frequented by both locals and tourists who are looking to soak away their problems and pains. Budapest Urban Adventures’  Sights Spas tour  puts a unique spin on the thermal bath experience by providing visitors with an insight into spa traditions and histories, as well as other traditional and architectural elements of the city. Sights and Spa tour – Highlights: Ride the continent’s oldest subway Learn about Hungarian spa traditions Visit a church carved into a hill Discover Budapest’s Jewish quarter See Europe’s largest synagogue Admire the buildings from a city tram Walk through City Park Experience the cosmopolitan vibe of Budapest An other interesting offer of this company is the ‚Budapest Explorer tour‘ by which visitors can explore the capital by tram, foot and metro. Budapest Explorer tour – Highlights: Explore the iconic city landmarks on this Budapest tour Ride the continent’s oldest subway Admire the waterfront from a city tram Walk through City Park Experience the atmosphere of a Budapest market Stroll along Andrassy Avenue Explore Franz Liszt’s old neighbourhood Discover local Budapest travel highlights and World Heritage sites Farm-House Hostel Many tourists come to Hungary and stay only in Budapest but it is worthwhile getting out of the city and  visiting other part of this wonderful country. In the south part of Hungary there is a tiny village Kiskassa where visitors find the extremely hospitable and totally endearing  Ecohun Hostel. Ecohun is a  traditional Hungarian farm-house  that is  locally owned and operated. The hostel has the same facilities as a typical hostel, in addition it offers guests a unique insight into the local agriculture industry and traditions. The hostel typically caters to short-term accommodation but for those who are seriously interested in sustainable agriculture and alternative technologies, longer-term accommodation is available. I  think this form of ecotourism is a  very interesting one beacause nowadays lots of people would like to escape from busy cities, hide in a  calm environment and enjoy the opportunities of the nature. I  have some experiences in that area. I  have worked for three summers in a  small hotel in Slovakia. This hotel accomodates tourists who came to the city because of the thermal bath. The hotel has the ideal potentials for ecotourism beacuse it has a  big garden and almost every food ingredients, vegetables and fruits come from that garden, there are lot of animals which are very popular among the hosts, they can stroke and feet them and the hotel is sorrounded by a  large yard with beautiful flowers and trees. They regularly organise traditional programs, for example riding days, arts and crafts camps or public picksticking. I  really enjoyed working here. One thing which I  can suggest to this hotel – to promote themselves more in ecotourism way beacuse they emphasized mainly the accomodation and the related services and such values as nature, original agricultural traditions, calm atmosphere were less highlighted. Local Birdwatching Tours Hungary is home to an exceptionally diverse cascade of birds, making it an  attractive ecotourism destination  for birding. The spring and summer onths are the best period for this type of  ecotourism in Hungary, because most of birds are present. Ecotours  describe themselves as the  natural leaders  in Eastern Europe. Ecotours offer a variety of tours to ecotourism destinations around the world, but the majority of their tours are in Hungary. Their tours are typically very specialised. They provide profesionally guided birding t rips, birdwatching, butterfly, wildlife, nature and culture tours. Taking a tour with Ecotours is a sure way to experience local fauna from one of the leaders in  ecotourism in Hungary. According to my opinion the county’s potentials are good but maybe not well-exploited. People are not well informed about ecotours and ecotravels. In many cases those people are attending on these kind of tours who have similiar hobbies. For example people who like birds and animals they are mostly participating on professionally guided bird watching tours or on wildlife tours or people who love sports are attending on cycling or hiking tours. This is not problem because they can enjoy their hobbies. On other hand I  think these programs can be promoted among people who are looking for a  relaxing weekend. Not just an expensive wellness hotel can provide carefree relaxation but a  trip in the nature can be memorable and restful. Hungary should more effectively and intesively advertise or promote its potentials. For example when I  was working in a  travel agency in Gyor during my internship I  did not meet with a brochure or catalogue which was focused on ecotourism. Our agency did not offer any type of program related to ecotourism. I  know just some organised cycling tours in Gyor which can be mentioned as ecotourism. Sum up I  think ecotourism must be developed and promoted in the following years beacuse despite of the favorable potentials, ecotourism is not quite popular in Hungary. As I  mentioned good marketing and communication tools can greatly help. Conclusion It is obvious that the tourism is the fastest and largest growing industry in the world beacuse millions of people are travelling every year. Travel and tourism is an important part of the world economy. Fortunately people realized the importance of the environment therefore sustainable and ecotourism started to develope rapidly. Eco travel or travel for the purpose of experiencing wildlife, natural attractions and indigenous cultures has become the fastest growing segment of global tourism. Ecotoursim in Hungary  is still growing and will likely continue to experience an increase in ecotourism operators as well as ecotourists. The country has a lot of potential and the right attitude therefore Hungary can become an attractive ecotourism destination in the near future. In my opinion building enviromental awereness is the most important part in the marketing process of sustainable tourism. It is very importatant to start education and awereness programs in elementary schools or kindergartens, organize free educational trips, supply reading materials about this issue. Education and awereness programs should address tourists, general public and government too. It is essential to draw attention to the importance of this topic because we have to care about the future generation. Resources ttp://www. guardian. co. uk/travel/2002/jul/07/travelnews. observerescapesection1 http://www. globalbasecamps. com/sustainable-tourism-ecotourism http://www. mynatour. org/destination/ecotourism-hungary-local-experiences http://www. untamedpath. com/Ecotourism/what_is_ecotourism. html http://www. untamedpath. com/Ecotourism/defining. html http://www. linkbc. ca/torc/downs1/vol26no1_article06. pdf http://www. biodiversity. ru/coastlearn/tourism-eng/tools_si. html http:/ /www. englisharticles. info/2010/06/19/unsustainable-tourism/ How to cite Sustainable and Ecotourism, Essay examples

Faecal Incontinence and Constipation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Faecal Incontinence and Constipation. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the case study of Ron (88, M) experiencing cough, headache, and fever since 8 days. The purpose of the assignment is to discuss the factors to be considered for conducting the health assessment for Ron. Further, it covers risk assessments needed for the patient supporting with rationale. The assignment discusses the implications of hospitalisation on the patient and his family and intends to high light the ways to overcome them. Based on the case study, the nursing care plan is developed using NANDA guidelines. These include nursing diagnosis, goals, and nursing interventions appropriate for Ron. Factors when considering the health assessment data There is a need of past medical history and need to know the physiological conditions. Past medication history is needed as certain medications are risk factors for constipation. For instance, the use of statins and antimuscarinics are known to be associated with clinical constipation. Past medical history is required to know the factors that may cause infection, or probability of other chronic illnesses such as COPD and others. Poor mental health can be the risk factor for older adults. Smoking, alcohols or drug abuse stress, anxiety and depression can lead to chronic conditions. Mental health and the cognitive ability (Confusion, and delirium) are the factors to be considered during the health assessment as they are contributors of may complicated illnesses (Iqbal, Gupta, Venkatarao, 2015). Social history is the other factors to be considered in the health assessment. Social isolation in old age leads to poor mental and physical health. Since Ron is restricted to home with decreased gait and mobility, he may be at risk of decreasing physical and mental health. In addition, Ron does not have his wife with him and hence he may be lacking the emotional support needed at this age. Social isolation leads to loneliness and depression at old age. It is necessary to know the family members support and other important people in the life of Ron. Further economic factors need to be considered to determine the care plan accordingly. Financial barrier may hamper the diagnosis and care process (Jarvis, 2015) Other factor to consider for risk is age. Ron is 88 years old and with aging alteration in mobility is evident. It is due to the decreasing muscle function, strength and loss of muscle mass and decrease gait. The decrease in gait is evident in Ron. Age is the risk factor for various chronic illnesses (Bickley Szilagyi, 2012). In addition there is need to consider the gender issues as there is a difference in the health reacted behaviour between men and women. Some patient may prefer to talk about health issue to same sex person. Knowing the patients culture and ethnicity is important as health belies vireos in different culture and may hamper the health assessment process. Language may act as barrier to health assessment, therefore it is required to know the language preferred by Ron and if he needs medical interpreter (Jarvis, 2015) Risk assessments and Rationale Fall risk assessment- Since Ron is needs assistance with activities of daily living as he has an unsteady gait and walks with the 4-wheelie walker; there is an increased risk of fall. Fall leads to complicated outcomes such as serious injury such as fracture, decline in functional status, admission in hospitals, and increased use of medical service, and death from injury. Most elderly people develop a fear of falling after a fall. Thus, it is necessary to assess the risk of fall or near falls in the case of Ron (Aranda-Gallardo, et al., 2013) Risk assessment for pressure ulcer- Ron is at high risk of pressure ulcer. Patients who are bound to bed or wheelchair are at high risk of developing pressure ulcer. These are more likely to occur at hips, buttocks, and sacrum. The risk of pressure ulcer needs to be assessed as it is difficult to treat. Pressure ulcers significantly hamper the patients quality of life and thus early identifying the conditions that may lead to this condition will help prevent(Chou, et al., 2013). Mental state assessment includes risk assessment for geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. The rationale for selecting this assessment is high prevalence of depression among older adults. Depression decreases the quality of life as it commonly accompanies complicating medical illnesses. Ron is 88 years old and lives with his daughter. He is dependent on her physically and may be at risk of depression. His depression can be due to social isolation for being mostly restricted to house (Conradsson, et al., 2013). Pneumonia risk assessment- The symptom commonly presented in pneumonia are fever, headache, cough, tachypnoea, increased confusion, loss of appetite, breathlessness and wheezing. These symptoms are also evident in Ron and hence it s necessary to identify if he is at risk of pneumonia. The vital signs of the patient include pulse 105, BP 125/70, respiratory rate 28, and temperature 37.8. Ron has not open bowels since four days and symptoms similar to this are found in pneumonia (Iinuma, et al., 2015). Implications of hospitalisations Illness hampers the quality of life and decreases the self-esteem of any patient. In this situation, the knowledge of body image and self identity can affect care. Ron may feel stressed about frailty and decreasing physical strength. Greater attention to body image can hamper the delivery of care. Many elderly patients after the illness and hospital admission may feel themselves as less attractive. Hospitalisation and illness are accompanied with dietary changes and social isolation and loneliness. The psychological implications of the illness and bed rest are worse. In addition to functional decline, the patients may feel anxious and depressed caused by feeling of dependency. Ron may experience a sudden change in the mental function. As Ron is dependent on his daughter for activities of daily living and emotional support, he may feel the loss of autonomy. He may not be able to participate in clinical decision-making and may have fear of compromising his preferences and values. The p atient may also feel a loss of respect and dignity. Hospitalisation of the household member leads to psychological distress among other members in the family due to uncertainty of the health outcomes (Bello, et al., 2014). The patient may feel homesickness and boredom, as he is mainly restricted to house due to poor mobility. The illness may affect the education of the other in the house such as grandchildren. It may influence the household responsibilities of Rons daughter and her husband. Admission to hospital involves financial burden. Depending on the length of the hospital stay, the financial difficulties may increase. If the socioeconomic status of the family is low then the illness is an added burden on the family. Ron may also feel like burden on the family (Berman, et al., 2014). Nurse can deliver patient centred care where the patients values, beliefs and preferences will be considered. Nurse can reduce the psychological implications in Ron by giving motivational session and involving him in clinical decision-making. It will reduce the anxiety, depression and poor self-image. By following the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and social justice, it is possible to overcome the psychological implications on Ron and his family (Berman, et al., 2014). Nursing process Nursing Diagnosis Goal Intervention Rationale Evaluation Risk of ineffective airway clearance and infection related to respiratory tract as evident from persistent fever, and cough since 8 days in the patient and high respiratory rate (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) To reduce the infection like symptoms such as fever and headache and promote airway clearance in-patient which will be evidenced by decreased cough, tachypnoea and respiratory rate. Conduct lung assessment for breath sound and coarse crackles. Note cough for efficacy and coordinate with the respiratory therapist (Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016). The presence of coarse crackles during the late inspiration is indicative of fluid in airway. Airway obstruction can be confirmed by wheezing (Gatford Phillips, 2016). The patient demonstrates effective coughing, decrease in fever. The patient will demonstrate normal vital signs. No sign of tachypnea after the intervention Time- 48-72 hours Give medication as prescribed by the physician for fever and cough. These may include antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytic agents and monitor for side effects and effectiveness (Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) A variety of medications are available to that treats the specific problem. Most of them may promote airway clearance. It may decrease the airway resistance (Bullock Manias, 2013). Educate the patient on coughing, deep breathing and splinting techniques and proper use of the medication and inhalers. The breathing technique that will be taught to the patient is to take deep breath, and hold for two seconds followed by coughing two to three times in succession(Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016). It is important for the patient to know the proper technique and underlying principle for keeping airway clean. An ineffective coughing leads to compromised airway clearance Patient education is necessary as understanding the prescription will promote the safe and effective administration of medication (Tiziani, 2017). Impaired elimination and exchange due to risk for constipation as evident from the stool retention for 4 days in Ron (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) To improve the bowel movement of the patient and relief from discomfort due to unopened bowels. Encourage the patient to increase the fluid intake unless cardiac limitations (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) Adequate fluid amount is required to keep the faecal mass soft (Coggrave, Norton, Cody, 2014) The patient has improved bowel frequency that is normal at this age The patient demonstrates relive from discomfort. The patient learns the measure that treats constipation The patient maintain normal diet. Time- 48 hours Suggest balanced diet to the patient that consists of adequate fresh fruits, fibres, vegetables and grains (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) One should not have around 20 grams of fibres per day as it adds bulk to the stool and a makes the defecation process easier (Coggrave, Norton, Cody, 2014) The patient can be administered with laxative (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) Laxative irritate the bowel mucosa and causes rapid propulsion of the small intestine contents (Moini, 2015) Impaired safety due to risk of fall and injury as evident from decreased gait and mobility (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) Improve patient safety by preventing fall, so the patient will be free of fall during his hospitalisation 1.During every shift the patient should asses the fall score of Ron and the nurse must screen Ron for stability and mobility skills(sit to stand, supine to sit, walking and turning around) (Zwar, et al., 2016) Fall scores helps to determine the risk of falling in the patient. Depending on the score preventive measures can be taught to the client. Screening will help to determine methods to ensure safety (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) The patient demonstrates safety behaviour in two weeks of time The patient has the knowledge of fall and fall prevention techniques Time -24-72 hours2. Nurse should keep the patients bed in the lowest position all the time and modify the environment such as removing tables and chairs in the path(Zwar, et al., 2016). n case the patient wakes up at night to drink water or toilet, lower bed positioning will reduce his risk of fall. It is necessary to remove obstacles in the patients path such as chairs and tables or any other object to avoid accident and fall or injury. It is evident from literature that majority of falls are related to toileting. Therefore it is necessary that path to washroom is clear (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) 3. Ron should be given yellow fall risk bracelet and yellow socks so that other nurses and staff will be aware of his delicate situation (Zwar, et al., 2016) Yellow bracelet and socks act as alert for other nursing staff. It will increase their vigilance and they will be greatly obliged to watch for falls (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) Conclusion The paper comprehensively discusses the factors that are to be considered for the health assessment of Ron. The risk assessment appropriate for the case study are highlighted and the implications of hospitalisation on the patient is discussed. Illness hampers the quality of life and decreases the self-esteem of any patient. It significantly hampers the mental wellbeing of the family members. The nursing process presented in this paper comprises of diagnosis and goals that are based on the NANDA principles. Risk of ineffective airway clearance and infection, risk of fall and injury, and Impaired elimination and exchange are the three priority nursing diagnosis. The interventions are designed corresponding to diagnosis and goals. NANDA guidelines are useful and effective in designing appropriate care for the patient. Bibliography Aranda-Gallardo, M., Morales-Asencio, J. M., Canca-Sanchez, J. C., Barrero-Sojo, S., Perez-Jimenez, C., Morales-Fernandez, A., Mora-Banderas, A. M. (2013). Instruments for assessing the risk of falls in acute hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. BMC health services research,, 122. Bello, N. A., Claggett, B., Desai, A. S., McMurray, J. J., Granger, C. B., Yusuf, S., Solomon, S. D. (2014). Influence of prior heart failure hospitalization on cardiovascular events in patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure, CIRCHEARTFAILURE, 113. Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Kozier, B., Erb, G. L., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Parker, B. (2014). Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition. Pearson Higher Education AU. Bickley, L., Szilagyi, P. G. (2012). Bates' guide to physical examination and history-taking. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bullock, S., Manias, E. (2013). Fundamentals of pharmacology. . Pearson Higher Education AU. Cangany, M., Back, D., Hamilton-Kelly, T., Altman, M., Lacey, S. (2015). Bedside nurses leading the way for falls prevention: an evidence-based approach. Critical care nurse, 82-84. Chou, R., Dana, T., Bougatsos, C., Blazina, I., Starmer, A. J., Reitel, K., Buckley, D. (2013). Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention.. Ann Intern Med,, 28-38. Coggrave, M., Norton, C., Cody, J. D. (2014). Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases.. The Cochrane Library. Conradsson, M., Rosendahl, E., Littbrand, H., Gustafson, Y., Olofsson, B., Lvheim, H. (2013). Usefulness of the Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item version among very old people with and without cognitive impairment. Aging mental health,, 638-645. Gatford, J. D., Phillips, N. (2016). Nursing Calculations E-Book. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Ghosh, S., O'Kelly, N., Roberts, E. J., Barker, C., Swift, J. (2016). Combined interventions for COPD admissions within an urban setting. . British Journal of Healthcare Management,, 123-131. Ghosh, S., OKelly, N., Roberts, E. J., Barker, C., Swift, J. (2016). The clinical and economic impact of the combined interventions of telehealth, specialist respiratory nursing care and health coaching interventions for COPD admissions within an urban setting. Iinuma, T., Arai, Y., Abe, Y., Takayama, M., Fukumoto, M., Fukui, Y., Komiyama, K. (2015). Denture wearing during sleep doubles the risk of pneumonia in the very elderly.. Journal of dental research,, 28S-36S. Iqbal, S., Gupta, S., Venkatarao, E. (2015). Stress, anxiety depression among medical undergraduate students their socio-demographic correlates. The Indian journal of medical research,, 354. Jarvis, C. (2015). Physical Examination and Health Assessment-. Elsevier Health Sciences. Moini, J. (2015). Fundamental Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians. . Cengage Learning. North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. (2015). Nursing diagnoses of NANDA: definitions and classification 2015-2017. Porto Alegre: Artmed. Tiziani, A. P. (2017). Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs-Mobile Optimised Site. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Zwar, N. A., Bunker, J. M., Reddel, H. K., Dennis, S. M., Middleton, S., van Schayck, O. C., Xuan, W. (2016). Early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse and GP teams: a cluster randomized trial. . Family practice,, 663-670.

Teenage Pregnancy Essays (1948 words) - Midwifery, Teenage Pregnancy

Teenage Pregnancy The Truth About Teen Pregnancy Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has declined greatly within the past few years, it is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. These rates are still higher in the 1990's than they were only a decade ago. The United State's teenage birthrate exceeds that of most other industrialized nations, even though American teenagers are no more sexually active than teenagers are in Canada or Europe. (Gormly 348) Recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year. Almost one-sixth of all births in the United States are to teenage women are to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls will have become pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnancy than others. Teenagers who become sexually active at an earlier age are at a greater risk primarily because young teenagers are less likely to use birthcontrol. African-American and Hispanic teenagers are twice as likely to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to have abortions. Teenagers who come from poor neighborhoods and attend segregated schools are at a high risk for pregnancy. Also, teenagers who are doing poorly in school and have few plans for the future are more likely to become parents than those who are doing well and have high educationsl and occupational expectations. Although the rate of teenage pregnancy is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, especially those in inner city ghettoes, the number of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who live in small cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, interest is shown in the social consequences of early parenthood. Adolescent parents (mostly mothers) may find that they have a lost or limited opportunity for education. (Johnson 4) The higher a woman's level of education, the more likely she is to postpone marriage and childbearing. Adolescents with little schooling are often twice as likely as those with more education to have a baby bafore their twentieth birthday. Some 58% of young women in the United States who receive less than a high school education give birth by the time they are twenty years old, compared with 13% of young women who complete at least twelve years of schooling. (Tunick 11) Teens who become pregnant during high school are more likely to drop out. (Calhoun 310) A teen mother leaves school because she cannot manage the task of caring for a baby and studying, and a teen father usually chooses a job over school so that he can pay bills and provide for his child. (Johnson 4) Teen mothers usually have fewer resources than older mothers because they have had less time to gather savings or build up their productivity through work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1) Because of this, teen mothers are generally poor and are dependent on government support. (Newman 679) The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. Welfare benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). (Newman 679) Besides educational and financial problems, teenage mothers may face a great deal of emotional strain and may become very stressed. Teen mothers may have limited social contacts and friendships because they do not have time for anything other than their baby. Lack of a social life and time for herself may cause the teenage mother to become depressed or have severe mental anxiety. (Johnson 5) Depression may become worse for a teenage mother because she usually does not know much about child development or about how to care for their children. Children who are born to teenage mothers usually suffer from poor parenting. (Berk 188) Also, children of teenage parents start being sexually active before their peers and they are more likely to become teenage parents themselves. These children may also

The Holy Spirit Moves Us To Repent †Theology Essay

The Holy Spirit Moves Us To Repent – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Holy Spirit Moves Us To Repent Theology Essay â€Å"That is what Pentecost is all about – freedom – from the burdens of life and the burdens of self. And if you don’t have that freedom, then you have not yet had your personal Pentecost. You have not met the risen Christ and received his power. This quote is found on page 54 of Half-Wits. Father Peter is giving a speech essentially about life and how each and every one of us can choose how to live it. There are two different states of living – the way Father Peter is living his life and the way Fitzsimmons, up until this point, has been living his life. Father Peter is living, as he says, â€Å"free from the burdens of life and the burdens of self† (54). He also says that his life has meaning and that he is a happy, joyful man (54). He has been rid of fear, despair, and anxiety all because of the â€Å"personal Pentecost† he refers to. Fitzsimmons, however, has not yet experienced that freedom or that personal Pentecost so he still experiences fear and despair, because of which he has allowed himself to become numb and had decided to close off from the world. Father Peter is different from Fitzsimmons because he has allowed himself to be open to the power of God. Father Peter realizes he is just a man. He has come to terms with the existence of evil and has turned himself over to God for help overcoming that evil. When he realized that God was the only one who could overcome the evils of the world and asked for his help, he became free from those evils and became a happier man. It isn’t until page 272 in the novel that Fitzsimmons truly experiences this: â€Å"†¦Fitzsimmons began to be aware of a tremendous sense of release. It was as if a great catharsis had taken place and all the weight of his past life had been lifted from him. He was, he knew, free of the burden of the deaths of Eileen and Sarah, and he was free of the foreboding that Sarz had caused him. He was also free, to some extent, he realized, of self.† This is where Fitzsimmons finally begins to experience his own personal Pentecost where he can be freed of all the burdens of his past, present, and future. The personal Pentecost can be achieved only once we realize God’s power and our need for his help. We learned that the divine trinity – the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit – creates, redeems, and sanctifies. Through this, we can experience trinification and be made members of the Body of Christ. In addition, the Holy Spirit moves us to repent, which is related to the personal Pentecost. When we taste the Father’s pain and submit to it, we are repenting and this is essentially what Fitzsimmons finally does. He has had a lot of pain and suffering in his life and it is only once he finally gives in and submits to it that he can experience true happiness. This kind of happiness is different from what he had before with Eileen, which he says himself was shallow. Prior to this transformation in him, Fitzsimmons was guilty of sloth, one of the deadly sins. As we also learned, sins are the expression of our desire to kill Christ. Once Fitzsimmons goes through his personal Pentecost and repents, he is forgiven for his sins and can now be free from his previous bur dens. That is the true meaning of this quote. â€Å"Hey, Jay,† he said excitedly, â€Å"Blessed are the half-wits, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.† The next quote relates to what we have learned about the Beatitudes. In this quote, Tommy is relating the half-wits to what the Beatitudes say about the meek, the poor, etc. They are similar because one would probably consider a meek or a poor person to be on the same level of happiness as a half-wit. It may often be the assumption that they could never experience what we consider to be happiness. However, the Beatitudes present us with a paradox, a challenge, and a timeliness that prove this fact to be wrong. The first thing we are confronted with is the paradox of the Beatitudes. A paradox is a seeming contradiction – the statements in the Beatitudes seem crazy, but they are true. Pinckaers discusses this on page 33 of The Pursuit of Happiness: â€Å"As for ourselves, don’t we honestly think that riches, joy, health, and a good reputation will make us happy? Don’t we spontaneously seek these things and reject their opposites?† The Beatitudes are actually the opposite of what society tells us we need to be happy. Ultimately, they force us to look inside ourselves and this is when we can find the bottom rock and realize our need for God. There is also a challenge in the Beatitudes. The challenge is this: many people are living their lives on cruise control, thinking they have it all. What both the Beatitudes and the events they discuss (poverty, tragedy, etc.) force us to do is stop and think and essentially reevaluate the way we are making sense. The Beatitudes confront us with the â€Å"realities of existence and show us what lies in our own depths† (Pinckaers, 35). In this confrontation, we are sent inward and challenged to find joy and find God even in the worst situations. It dares you to believe Jesus’ seeming paradox. The Beatitudes also have a timeliness about them. Poverty, meekness, and sadness – these are all things that speak to all people of all times. They are not problems of the present or the past; they are problems all people must face. Pinckaers refers to them as â€Å"questions which have constantly recurred throughout history† (37) and this is something that will always be true, so the Beatitudes will in turn always be true. In the reading of Half-wits, Fitzsimmons is someone who seems to epitomize the Beatitudes and Tommy may have been pointing him to this in his statement. Fitzsimmons was broken and forced to look within himself in order to find meaning in his life again. When he was with his first wife, the relationship was shallow – it was not true happiness. It was only once he lost it all and experienced many of the things mentioned in the Beatitudes the he was able to start to come to terms with the bottom rock and ultimately find true happiness. On page 147 in Half-wits, we see Fitzsimmons at his ultimate low when he seems to have lost everything: â€Å"I cannot put the events in sequence. The moment I saw the blood something happened to my mental process. Perhaps I went a little mad, or maybe it was shock†. For a long period after his trauma, Fitzsimmons was walking around numb. It is only once he lets down his guard and allows himself to experience the pain and deal with it that h e can truly start to live again and find the happiness the Beatitudes are talking about. In addition, he is now in a place where he can realize his need for God and the fact that thing most worth crying over would be losing our relationship with Him. â€Å"I had second thoughts,† she said. â€Å"I was wrong.† Fitzsimmons extended his arm; she came to him and clung to him. â€Å"Thank God for second thoughts,† he said. This quote relates to what we talked about the very first day of class. The bottom rock and making sense of our lives are foundations to moral theology and Christian thought. When we go about our daily lives, we are continuously making sense. We do things such as brush our teeth or our hair and all the while we are making sense. We learned that doing this presupposes the fact that it makes sense to begin with, so this points to something beyond us, independent of our mind and will, that our making sense must lean upon. This thing is the bottom rock. The â€Å"second thoughts† mentioned in this quote come in when something in our lives interrupts our making sense. Sometimes things in our lives happen that cause us to reevaluate the way we are â€Å"making sense† – this is the activity of ethics. For Fitzsimmons, his experiences with Sarz and Amy caused him to reevaluate the way he was making sense, or have a â€Å"second thought†. Amy also stopped to reevaluate the way she was making sense. The novel itself shows us four different people, two of which know the foundation of their lives (Father Peter and Sarz), and the other two who are unsure (Amy and Fitzsimmons). The second thoughts are necessary parts of life to further connect us with the bottom rock. Without this questioning, many of us would continue making sense of our lives in ways that didn’t make sense. Research Papers on The Holy Spirit Moves Us To Repent - Theology EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

WRITE A REPORT in which you investigate the planning and control Essay

WRITE A REPORT in which you investigate the planning and control processes, and evaluate the supply chains including MRP and JIT systems in relation to Morrison - Essay Example The main purpose of supply chain management is to enhance quality and pace of all activities throughout the supply chain, so that products and services are supplied in the right quantity, to the right location, at the right time. Actually it is the series of links and shared processes between suppliers and customers. The links and processes cover all the activities from the purchasing raw materials to the delivery of final product. The whole process of supply chain as depicted above is controlled by a chain of command to facilitate best and profitable end product. The importance of planning and control of supply chain can not be denied. It plays a vital role in effective management of mass production factory. The complications allied with manufacturing systems value chains have not been resolved yet. It is because of the fact that the value chain may consist of many suppliers located in various areas. There are certain methods used by supervisor on plant floor to coordinate the processes in supply chain. One person dominated supervision: In this method one person takes direct responsibility of whole floor and control and monitors every move on the floor. This method is not considered very effective as it has its own pitfalls. Interdependent Supervision: In this method many person are involved in supervising and monitoring process by openly communicating and advising each other on a floor of plant. This method is considered more flexible and adaptable. Systemization: In this method a sophisticated system is evolved and every worker is assigned the job individually or in-group. Although this is a good method but it is only useful in automated plants. There are various other methods used to control the day to day performance on the floor of plant. But the methods mentioned above are more common. Traditionally most manufacturing control was done using reorder-point/reorder-quantity methods

The Perspective on Teaching Biology Research Paper

The Perspective on Teaching Biology - Research Paper Example The first one is a book with the title Influencer: The Power to Change Anything1. The second one is a report on Healthcare Community Discussions, which has been issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The paper has an introduction. Next, there is a discussion on leadership in health care followed by a section on leadership characteristics that are important for a Biology teacher. Finally, there is the conclusion part. Leadership in Healthcare In general, a leader is essentially somebody who can provide guidance. And importantly, he/she should be innovative as well. By utilizing experiential insight and specialist skills to help the subordinates achieve their pursuit, a leader can change and/or decide the very way of working of an organization or system (Sashkin and Sashkin, 2003). In this way, the leader should be a capable influencer too. And in complicated work environments, the leaders have to be â€Å"master influencers† (Patterson et al, 2008, p.67). I n the healthcare sector, leaders must be gifted with an ability to influence people. Contextually, Patterson et al (2008) have given the example of Dr. Don Berwick. Dr. Berwick wants to minimize the number of the patients who die or suffer seriously due to the mistakes of the healthcare professionals who attend them. ...   Something similar is happening in the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) as well. This nonprofit professional organization is trying to obtain ample and effective leadership development patterns to facilitate the respiratory therapists. Most of the leaders in contemporary respiratory care are expected to â€Å"jump in headfast†, which leads to a â€Å"sink or swim time† for them (Bunch, 2010). Consequently, AARC has developed a Leadership Institute that caters to the needs of the caregivers who have to lead their departments, peers, and communities. In sum, leadership in healthcare is already a field of extensive academic and empirical activities with substantial implications. Leadership Characteristics of a Biology Teacher In the making of a healthcare professional, concepts related to the Life Sciences are very important. While learning the school level lessons of Biology, the learners develop a basic understanding of healthcare. For example, topics like Anatomy, Physiology, Communicable Diseases, Health and Hygiene, etc. form the basic foundation of healthcare. A Biology teacher must help his/her students to learn the subject in such a way that he/she can prepare for the key career options in the field. Of course, all students who study Biology in the school do not necessarily become healthcare professionals. But every healthcare professional should have studied Biology at the school level. In other words, knowledge of Biology is an essential requirement for the healthcare professionals.

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS - Assignment Example My classmate does not show clearly whether the point on U.S restricting trade explains hurting or helping the auto industry. Although from the example given, one can conclude that he or she was talking about hurting the auto industry because the example shows that restricting imports would reduce innovativeness of auto industry. My classmates second answer is partly correct and partly out of context in addressing the question. He or she is correct by saying that autoworkers will be helped by the US’s efforts to restrict imports. The fact that foreign auto companies have branches in the US means that employment is made available to the US citizens. I do not agree with the idea that foreign companies such as Honda and Toyota hire only Japanese workers. The point on sales in Honda and Toyota cars going down and influencing the industry is out of context because it does not relate to government restricting imports. The point on government influencing auto industry is also not clear by not mentioning whether the policies created regard imports and exports according to the question. The point on manufacturers being forced to build safer and fuel efficient cars is also out of context. I think my classmate misinterpreted the

Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease Impact

Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease Impact Introduction Medical innovations and rapidly evolving technology has led to a decrease in the rate of mortality from diseases. However, the fast and constantly changing hectic lifestyle of today has led to the introduction of new diseases, unhealthy lifestyle and early, premature deaths. Todays technology has provided us with the benefits of early detection and preventive treatments and answers to some of the previously incurable diseases. But it has brought in increased stress and unhealthy eating and other habits that have in some ways caused more harm than benefit. This report titled Smoking: The Heart Breaker is a look at the current situation of coronary heart diseases caused by smoking, relevant legislations, policies and practices, strategies to deal with the situation and future of the disease at local, national and global levels. The report will start by discussing the smoking and coronary heart disease as a public health issue and the reasons for concern. It will provide a background to help better understand the present situation along with an epidemiology of the disease and its causes, with special reference to smoking. It will then go on to report about the legislative policies and strategies that are being currently undertaken in the region of Burnley, East Lancashire to counter this particular health issue. The report will also discuss the policies and initiatives and the status of the health issue at national and global level, so as to provide a complete and holistic picture of the seriousness of the health issue. Finally the report will discuss the current strategies being employed by the government as well as non-government agencies to tackle the health issue. Recommendations will also be made to help make an improvement in the current situation. Public Health Issue: Coronary Heart Disease due to Smoking The term Coronary heart disease is used to describe a condition of blockage or interruption of blood supply to the heart due to build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries (NHS, 2009). This build-up (called atheroma) can lead to insufficient supply of blood to the heart causing pain in the chest known as angina. A completely blocked artery can lead to a heart attack (called myocardial infarction) (NHS, 2009). There are various mild to critical impacts of this condition that even result in death. According to the British Heart Foundation Statistics (2009), diseases related to the heart and circulatory issues are the biggest cause of deaths in the UK, resulting in over 90,000 deaths in the UK in a year. This has resulted in not only raised concerns about the disease but also growing efforts to increase the awareness about the disease, its causes, and preventive as well as precautionary measures that can help to avoid the disease. The situation isn t any brighter in other par ts of the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the majority of countries around the world are affected by coronary heart disease and the disease is a major killer, especially in developing and transitional countries of the world. In a WHO report, cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease is considered to be the leading cause of death and is projected to increase from 17.1 million in 2004 to 23.4 million in 2030 (WHO, 2004). Among the various causes of coronary heart disease, smoking is regarded to be one of the primary causes. According to the WHO report, tobacco-related deaths are expected to rise from 5.4 million in 2004 to 8.3 million in 2030, representing 10% of all global deaths; and smoking has been associated to cardiovascular diseases and subsequent deaths (WHO, 2004). According to a study conducted in 2008, smoking is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease (Bullen, 2008). Though increasing age has been thought as a cau se of coronary heart disease, two studies have found that improper lifestyle, stress, etc are increasing the mortality rates due to coronary heart disease among the young population in the UK, USA and Australia (Nemetz, Roger Ransom, 2008) (Ford Capewell, 2007). Therefore, the growing concern for this disease and its preventable yet common cause is the choice of topic for this report. Background and Epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease have been found to be an unbiased killer that can create havoc in any society irrespective of its economic, political, cultural, religious, regional or racial identity. Similarly, tobacco smoking (either active or passive) is known to be a major cause of many diseases including the coronary heart disease. Given the stressful lifestyle in today s world, many people take up smoking to tackle the stress levels and in the process get addicted. They not only harm themselves but also people around them. The region of Burnley in East Lancashire, is no exception to this trend. Being witness to many friends and family members taking up smoking in the name of relieving stress and then getting addicted and finally ending up suffering from diseases, especially coronary heart disease inspired the choice of topic for this report. There are several causes that can result in coronary heart disease. The NHS lists smoking as the major cause of the disease (NHS, 2009). The various other causes of coronary heart disease have been listed as high blood pressure, high level of cholesterol in blood, presence of thrombosis and / or diabetes unhealthy lifestyle with no regular exercise, obesity and a family history of angina and / or heart attack (which are hereditary) (Nemetz et al, 2008). The risk factors associated with coronary heart diseases which cannot be treated, modified or changed include age, gender and heredity (or race). Increasing age increases the risks of coronary heart disease and fatality from it. Men are found to be at a greater risk of suffering from coronary heart disease in comparison to women (Wells, 1999). Heredity of coronary disease or its causes such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol are also known to create risks of coronary heart conditions. The causes such as smoking, high le vel of cholesterol in blood, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, being overweight and / or obesity and diabetes (diabetes mellitus) are some of the risk factors of coronary heart disease that can be modified, changed and controlled by taking medication and / or by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Other risk factors and causes of the disease include stress and alcohol addiction and can in certain circumstances prove to be fatal causes of the coronary heart disease (Ewles Simnet, 2003). Comparative data of the effects of coronary heart disease in different countries do not provide a very positive picture (see appendix 1). According to a World Health Organisation survey report, the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in 2002 for the developed nations like the United Kingdom and the United States was higher than many other developing nations like China, India, even Nigeria (WHO, 2002). It is clear from the data, that developing countries have a much higher mortality rate from cardiovascular and consequently coronary heart diseases in the developed countries like UK, USA, Germany; and an important fact to notice is that the death rate is higher in the European region in comparison to other regions of the world. This most probably can be attributed to the excessive use of tobacco, alcohol, improper lifestyle that increases stress levels, improper eating habits that leads to blood sugar and cholesterol in the blood. The tobacco usage in different countries around the world also points towards the grimness and enormity of the situation, through which one can appreciate the risk of tobacco causing further deaths due to coronary heart disease (WHO, 2008). The WHO report on tobacco consumption in different countries show that despite government initiatives and regulations, the tobacco consumption has mostly increased and has led to increased mortality especially in the age groups between 25-45 years. Though coronary heart disease is of global nature without any kind of boundary, various specific groups of people are in greater risk of having the disease in comparison to others. The affinity to having coronary heart disease is dependent on factors such as geography, heredity, age and gender. Men are at an increased risk of suffering from coronary heart conditions as compared to women (Wells, 1999). Increase in age increases the chances of suffering from coronary heart disease (DoH, 2004). Coronary heart conditions are also known to be prevalent among Mexican Americans, some Asian Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians (American Heart Association, 2010). England is one of the most vulnerable nations in Europe when it comes to coronary heart diseases (NHS, 2009). Populations in developing and underdeveloped nations of the world too are at a higher risk of suffering from coronary heart disease and related fatalities (American Heart Association, 2010). Smokers, obese people and people with high blood cholesterol are also included in the high risk group for coronary heart disease. Female smokers are more susceptible to the disease especially with increased age since females are more susceptible to the dangers of smoking in comparison to men (WHO, 2002). With increased impact of aggressive and unhealthy lifestyle and stress, the young population across the developed nations of the world too are increasingly coming under the risk of coronary heart disease (NHS, 2008). Therefore, these risk factors result in the coronary heart disease taking on a pandemic nature if certain precautionary and preventive measures are not taken to control the risk factors that can be influenced. Strategies, Policies and Initiatives Given the growing concern about coronary heart diseases, deaths due to the disease and the impact on the younger population, government agencies around the world are taking steps to combat the growing menace. Non-governmental and private agencies too are joining the efforts to promote a healthy lifestyle and awareness about preventive techniques that can help to bring down the risks associated with the disease and the rising cases of fatalities. This section of the report looks at the strategies, agenda, policies, that are being undertaken at the local (NHS East Lancashire, 2010), national and global levels to combat coronary heart disease. Local Public Health In East Lancashire, several workshops and other programmes have been undertaken to increase awareness, educate and help the residents of the area give up smoking and adopt a healthy lifestyle that will help prevent and fight coronary heart disease. The MPs in the region are encouraging antismoking legislations and policies being adopted by the authorities. The NHS has introduced the concept of smoke free zones. The SMYL programme is promoting healthy lifestyle and eating habits (NHS East Lancashire, 2010). Another campaign called Could it be you was also started in 2008 to help people fight coronary heart disease and adopt healthy and preventive lifestyle (Chime Communications Plc, 2008). The authorities in East Lancashire have also collaborated with different agencies to start networks that can promote anti tobacco campaign and raise awareness on coronary heart disease (NHS Networks, 2010). This involvement of the government as well as non-government agencies in the area, one can b e hopeful that headway will be made into the matter. However, it is important that the public realise the criticality of the situation and take advantages of the programmes being undertaken to have a long, healthy and disease free life. Implications at the National Level The National Heart Forum (2006) indicated that heart diseases cost the UK around  £29 billion per year and was termed as economic burden . There are several programmes that have been taken up by the health care authorities and the government in collaboration with non-government agencies to promote anti smoking habits in the country. Several regional programmes such as Bolsover Teenage Smoking Programme, Corby Smoking Cessation Programme, Halton Smoke-Free Programme, London Borough of Tower Hamlets Tobacco Control Alliance, Pendle Smoke-free Council, Heartbeat Awards, the GO Smokefree Campaign, etc have been launched in an earnest to curb the growing effect of smoking in the country (IDeA, 2009). Several governmental legislations have also been put into place (IDeA, 2007). The Department of Health has also started programmes such as Start4Life, 5 A Day, National Support Teams and Let s Get Moving to promote healthy lifestyle that can help to prevent coronary heart disease (DoH, 201 0). Therefore the various government and nongovernment agencies in UK are making effort to control smoking habit and improve lifestyle of the citizens of the country thereby ensuring a brighter future free from smoking and coronary heart disease. Global Health The fight against smoking and coronary heart disease has taken enormous proportions with the growing realisation that these are two of the most important killers in the world today. Especially, the understanding that smoking causes diseases such as the coronary heart disease not only in the smoker but also in non-smokers who have been in the presence of smokers, has led major organisations and developed nations of the world to taking a stand against smoking. The Work with Heart project by WHO is helping to spread the message of preventive actions that can help in prohibiting coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2010a). WHO has also taken up research and global partnership initiatives to help the developing countries of the world fight cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2010b). Furthermore, WHO has aligned with several countries in the world to promote regional activities under the global strategy to counter cardiovascular diseases which includes America, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, European region and Western Pacific (WHO, 2010c). To help fight the smoking addiction growing among countries, WHO has set up the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) (WHO, 2010d) and is also collaborating with different international organisations such as the United Nations and the governments of various countries to help campaign against sale and use of tobacco among different nations (WHO, 2010e). Recommendations and Conclusion Upon analysing the current situation on a local, national and global basis, the following recommendations can be made: Initiatives to prevent coronary heart disease and promote anti smoking habits need to be undertaken at the grass root level, i.e. at local level. This will make the initiatives and campaigns more effective. The developing nations such as India, Brazil and China need to be targeted with confidence. Further researches into preventive and curative medicines and technologies for coronary heart diseases need to be promoted. Healthy lifestyle needs to be promoted at every level since preventive practices are more beneficial than curative ones. It is important to realise that despite several initiatives being taken by local, national and global agencies and governments, smoking trends are increasing around the world and has started to affect the young population. Coronary heart disease too has started to take its toll on the population around the world due to the hectic and unhealthy lifestyles that have come to permeate people s lives. It is highly essential that for the success of the initiatives and programmes, people must be involved in them and everyone across the globe has to realise that simple changes to their lifestyle, eating habits and anti smoking measures will help to fight and prevent coronary heart disease. The changes in lifestyle will also bring down coronary heart disease caused due to other factors such as stress, alcohol, blood sugar and cholesterol. To conclude, it can be stated that prevention is better than cure and quitting smoking and leading a healthy lifestyle can protect everyone from the silent killer, the coronary heart disease (Ewles Simnet, 2003). References American Heart Association (2010) Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4726 ASH (2009) Ash facts at a glance: Implementation of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash (2007) Ash facts at a glance: Smoking and Diseases [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf Ash (2010) Ash facts at a glance: Smoking Statistics [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash (2010) Ash facts at a glance: Tobacco Economics [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf Ash (2009) Ash facts at a glance: Tobacco Regulations [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf British Heart Foundation Statistics Website (2009) Mortality [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.heartstats.org/topic.asp?id=17 Bullen, C. (July, 2008). Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc (2008) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Tackle the Region s Biggest Killer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health (DoH) (2010) Public Health [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Department of Health (DoH) (2004) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Ewles L, Simnett I. (2003). Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. Capewell, S. 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(2008) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire (2010) SMYL If you want to live longer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks (2010) East Lancashire Public Health Network [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php?pid=727 Smoke Free (2007) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. (1999) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004) Causes of Death (part 2). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part2.pdf World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010a) Cardiovascular Diseases: Key messages to protect heart health [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2002) Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Sources, Methods and Results [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://apps.who.int/infobase/compare.aspx?dm=10countries=818%2c250%2c414%2c484%2c554%2c566%2c643%2c710%2c826%2c840year=2002sf1=mo.cg.059sex=all World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010d) Global Information System on Tobacco Control [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_data/en/index.html World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010e) Global Network [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010c) Regional Activities to the Global CVD Strategy [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/region/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010b) Research and Global Partnership Initiatives [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/research/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2008) Tobacco Use: Infobase [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://apps.who.int/infobase/report.aspx?rid=116dm=8 Bibliography American Heart Association (2010) Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4726 Ash (2007) Ash facts at a glance: Smoking and Diseases [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf ASH (2009) Ash facts at a glance: Implementation of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash (2009) Ash facts at a glance: Tobacco Regulations [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf Ash (2010) Ash facts at a glance: Smoking Statistics [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash (2010) Ash facts at a glance: Tobacco Economics [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf British Heart Foundation Statistics Website (2009) Mortality [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.heartstats.org/topic.asp?id=17 Bullen, C. (July, 2008). Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc (2008) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Tackle the Region s Biggest Killer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health (DoH) (2004) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Department of Health (DoH) (2010) Public Health [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Ewles L, Simnett I. (2003). Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. Capewell, S. (2007) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. from 1980 Through 2002. Concealed Levelling of Mortality Rates Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, pp. 2128-2132. Hill, S. Blakely, T., Kawachi, I., Woodward, A. (2004) Mortality Among Never Smokers Living with Smokers: Two Cohort Studies British Medical Journal Vol. 328, No. 7446, pp. 988-989. Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA) (2007) Smoke-free Legislation [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=6166044 Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA) (2009) Smoking [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=5889940 Jiang, H.E., Vupputuri, S., Allen, K., Prerost, M. R., Hughes, J., Whelton, P. K. (1999) Passive Smoking and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease A Meta Analysis of Epidemiological Studies New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 340, No. 12, pp. 920-926. Kaur, S., Cohen, A., Dolor, R., Coffman, C.J., Bastian, L.A. (2004) The Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Women s Risk of Dying from Heart Disease: A Meta Analysis Journal of Women s Health Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 888-897. National Health Service (NHS) (2008) Rates of Heart Disease in the Young [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.nhs.uk/news/2007/January08/Pages/Ratesofheartdiseaseintheyoung.asp National Health Service (NHS) (2009) Health A-Z: Coronary Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx National Heart Forum (2006) Economic Cost of Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.heartforum.org.uk/AboutCHD_Economicburden.aspx Nemetz, P. N., Roger, V. L., Ransom, J. E., Bailer, K. R., Edwards, W. D., Leibson, C. L. (2008) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire (2010) SMYL If you want to live longer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks (2010) East Lancashire Public Health Network [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php?pid=727 Smoke Free (2007) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. (1999) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. Whincup, P. H., Gilg, J. A., Emberson, J. R., Jarvis, M. J., Feyerabend, C., Bryant, A., Wakler, M., Cook, D. G. ( 2004) Passive Smoking and Risk of Coronary Disease and Stroke: Prospective Study with Cotinine Measurement British Medical Journal Vol. 329, No. 7459, pp. 200-205. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2002) Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Sources, Methods and Results [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://apps.who.int/infobase/compare.aspx?dm=10countries=818%2c250%2c414%2c484%2c554%2c566%2c643%2c710%2c826%2c840year=2002sf1=mo.cg.059sex=all World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004) Causes of Death (part 2). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part2.pdf World Health Organisation (WHO) (2008)Tobacco Use: Infobase [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://apps.who.int/infobase/report.aspx?rid=116dm=8 World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010a) Cardiovascular Diseases: Key messages to protect heart health [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010b) Research and Global Partnership Initiatives [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/research/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010c) Regional Activities to the Global CVD Strategy [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/region/en/ World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010d) Global Information System on Tobacco Control [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_data/en/index.html World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010e) Global Network [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/en/ Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease Impact Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease Impact Introduction Medical innovations and rapidly evolving technology has led to a decrease in the rate of mortality from diseases. However, the fast and constantly changing hectic lifestyle of today has led to the introduction of new diseases, unhealthy lifestyle and early, premature deaths. Todays technology has provided us with the benefits of early detection and preventive treatments and answers to some of the previously incurable diseases. But it has brought in increased stress and unhealthy eating and other habits that have in some ways caused more harm than benefit. This report titled Smoking: The Heart Breaker is a look at the current situation of coronary heart diseases caused by smoking, relevant legislations, policies and practices, strategies to deal with the situation and future of the disease at local, national and global levels. The report will start by discussing the smoking and coronary heart disease as a public health issue and the reasons for concern. It will provide a background to help better understand the present situation along with an epidemiology of the disease and its causes, with special reference to smoking. It will then go on to report about the legislative policies and strategies that are being currently undertaken in the region of Burnley, East Lancashire to counter this particular health issue. The report will also discuss the policies and initiatives and the status of the health issue at national and global level, so as to provide a complete and holistic picture of the seriousness of the health issue. Finally the report will discuss the current strategies being employed by the government as well as non-government agencies to tackle the health issue. Recommendations will also be made to help make an improvement in the current situation. Public Health Issue: Coronary Heart Disease due to Smoking The term Coronary heart disease is used to describe a condition of blockage or interruption of blood supply to the heart due to build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries (NHS, 2009). This build-up (called atheroma) can lead to insufficient supply of blood to the heart causing pain in the chest known as angina. A completely blocked artery can lead to a heart attack (called myocardial infarction) (NHS, 2009). There are various mild to critical impacts of this condition that even result in death. According to the British Heart Foundation Statistics (2009), diseases related to the heart and circulatory issues are the biggest cause of deaths in the UK, resulting in over 90,000 deaths in the UK in a year. This has resulted in not only raised concerns about the disease but also growing efforts to increase the awareness about the disease, its causes, and preventive as well as precautionary measures that can help to avoid the disease. The situation isn t any brighter in other par ts of the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the majority of countries around the world are affected by coronary heart disease and the disease is a major killer, especially in developing and transitional countries of the world. In a WHO report, cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease is considered to be the leading cause of death and is projected to increase from 17.1 million in 2004 to 23.4 million in 2030 (WHO, 2004). Among the various causes of coronary heart disease, smoking is regarded to be one of the primary causes. According to the WHO report, tobacco-related deaths are expected to rise from 5.4 million in 2004 to 8.3 million in 2030, representing 10% of all global deaths; and smoking has been associated to cardiovascular diseases and subsequent deaths (WHO, 2004). According to a study conducted in 2008, smoking is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease (Bullen, 2008). Though increasing age has been thought as a cau se of coronary heart disease, two studies have found that improper lifestyle, stress, etc are increasing the mortality rates due to coronary heart disease among the young population in the UK, USA and Australia (Nemetz, Roger Ransom, 2008) (Ford Capewell, 2007). Therefore, the growing concern for this disease and its preventable yet common cause is the choice of topic for this report. Background and Epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease have been found to be an unbiased killer that can create havoc in any society irrespective of its economic, political, cultural, religious, regional or racial identity. Similarly, tobacco smoking (either active or passive) is known to be a major cause of many diseases including the coronary heart disease. Given the stressful lifestyle in today s world, many people take up smoking to tackle the stress levels and in the process get addicted. They not only harm themselves but also people around them. The region of Burnley in East Lancashire, is no exception to this trend. Being witness to many friends and family members taking up smoking in the name of relieving stress and then getting addicted and finally ending up suffering from diseases, especially coronary heart disease inspired the choice of topic for this report. There are several causes that can result in coronary heart disease. The NHS lists smoking as the major cause of the disease (NHS, 2009). The various other causes of coronary heart disease have been listed as high blood pressure, high level of cholesterol in blood, presence of thrombosis and / or diabetes unhealthy lifestyle with no regular exercise, obesity and a family history of angina and / or heart attack (which are hereditary) (Nemetz et al, 2008). The risk factors associated with coronary heart diseases which cannot be treated, modified or changed include age, gender and heredity (or race). Increasing age increases the risks of coronary heart disease and fatality from it. Men are found to be at a greater risk of suffering from coronary heart disease in comparison to women (Wells, 1999). Heredity of coronary disease or its causes such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol are also known to create risks of coronary heart conditions. The causes such as smoking, high le vel of cholesterol in blood, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, being overweight and / or obesity and diabetes (diabetes mellitus) are some of the risk factors of coronary heart disease that can be modified, changed and controlled by taking medication and / or by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Other risk factors and causes of the disease include stress and alcohol addiction and can in certain circumstances prove to be fatal causes of the coronary heart disease (Ewles Simnet, 2003). Comparative data of the effects of coronary heart disease in different countries do not provide a very positive picture (see appendix 1). According to a World Health Organisation survey report, the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in 2002 for the developed nations like the United Kingdom and the United States was higher than many other developing nations like China, India, even Nigeria (WHO, 2002). It is clear from the data, that developing countries have a much higher mortality rate from cardiovascular and consequently coronary heart diseases in the developed countries like UK, USA, Germany; and an important fact to notice is that the death rate is higher in the European region in comparison to other regions of the world. This most probably can be attributed to the excessive use of tobacco, alcohol, improper lifestyle that increases stress levels, improper eating habits that leads to blood sugar and cholesterol in the blood. The tobacco usage in different countries around the world also points towards the grimness and enormity of the situation, through which one can appreciate the risk of tobacco causing further deaths due to coronary heart disease (WHO, 2008). The WHO report on tobacco consumption in different countries show that despite government initiatives and regulations, the tobacco consumption has mostly increased and has led to increased mortality especially in the age groups between 25-45 years. Though coronary heart disease is of global nature without any kind of boundary, various specific groups of people are in greater risk of having the disease in comparison to others. The affinity to having coronary heart disease is dependent on factors such as geography, heredity, age and gender. Men are at an increased risk of suffering from coronary heart conditions as compared to women (Wells, 1999). Increase in age increases the chances of suffering from coronary heart disease (DoH, 2004). Coronary heart conditions are also known to be prevalent among Mexican Americans, some Asian Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians (American Heart Association, 2010). England is one of the most vulnerable nations in Europe when it comes to coronary heart diseases (NHS, 2009). Populations in developing and underdeveloped nations of the world too are at a higher risk of suffering from coronary heart disease and related fatalities (American Heart Association, 2010). Smokers, obese people and people with high blood cholesterol are also included in the high risk group for coronary heart disease. Female smokers are more susceptible to the disease especially with increased age since females are more susceptible to the dangers of smoking in comparison to men (WHO, 2002). With increased impact of aggressive and unhealthy lifestyle and stress, the young population across the developed nations of the world too are increasingly coming under the risk of coronary heart disease (NHS, 2008). Therefore, these risk factors result in the coronary heart disease taking on a pandemic nature if certain precautionary and preventive measures are not taken to control the risk factors that can be influenced. Strategies, Policies and Initiatives Given the growing concern about coronary heart diseases, deaths due to the disease and the impact on the younger population, government agencies around the world are taking steps to combat the growing menace. Non-governmental and private agencies too are joining the efforts to promote a healthy lifestyle and awareness about preventive techniques that can help to bring down the risks associated with the disease and the rising cases of fatalities. This section of the report looks at the strategies, agenda, policies, that are being undertaken at the local (NHS East Lancashire, 2010), national and global levels to combat coronary heart disease. Local Public Health In East Lancashire, several workshops and other programmes have been undertaken to increase awareness, educate and help the residents of the area give up smoking and adopt a healthy lifestyle that will help prevent and fight coronary heart disease. The MPs in the region are encouraging antismoking legislations and policies being adopted by the authorities. The NHS has introduced the concept of smoke free zones. The SMYL programme is promoting healthy lifestyle and eating habits (NHS East Lancashire, 2010). Another campaign called Could it be you was also started in 2008 to help people fight coronary heart disease and adopt healthy and preventive lifestyle (Chime Communications Plc, 2008). The authorities in East Lancashire have also collaborated with different agencies to start networks that can promote anti tobacco campaign and raise awareness on coronary heart disease (NHS Networks, 2010). This involvement of the government as well as non-government agencies in the area, one can b e hopeful that headway will be made into the matter. However, it is important that the public realise the criticality of the situation and take advantages of the programmes being undertaken to have a long, healthy and disease free life. Implications at the National Level The National Heart Forum (2006) indicated that heart diseases cost the UK around  £29 billion per year and was termed as economic burden . There are several programmes that have been taken up by the health care authorities and the government in collaboration with non-government agencies to promote anti smoking habits in the country. Several regional programmes such as Bolsover Teenage Smoking Programme, Corby Smoking Cessation Programme, Halton Smoke-Free Programme, London Borough of Tower Hamlets Tobacco Control Alliance, Pendle Smoke-free Council, Heartbeat Awards, the GO Smokefree Campaign, etc have been launched in an earnest to curb the growing effect of smoking in the country (IDeA, 2009). Several governmental legislations have also been put into place (IDeA, 2007). The Department of Health has also started programmes such as Start4Life, 5 A Day, National Support Teams and Let s Get Moving to promote healthy lifestyle that can help to prevent coronary heart disease (DoH, 201 0). Therefore the various government and nongovernment agencies in UK are making effort to control smoking habit and improve lifestyle of the citizens of the country thereby ensuring a brighter future free from smoking and coronary heart disease. Global Health The fight against smoking and coronary heart disease has taken enormous proportions with the growing realisation that these are two of the most important killers in the world today. Especially, the understanding that smoking causes diseases such as the coronary heart disease not only in the smoker but also in non-smokers who have been in the presence of smokers, has led major organisations and developed nations of the world to taking a stand against smoking. The Work with Heart project by WHO is helping to spread the message of preventive actions that can help in prohibiting coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2010a). WHO has also taken up research and global partnership initiatives to help the developing countries of the world fight cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2010b). Furthermore, WHO has aligned with several countries in the world to promote regional activities under the global strategy to counter cardiovascular diseases which includes America, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, European region and Western Pacific (WHO, 2010c). To help fight the smoking addiction growing among countries, WHO has set up the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) (WHO, 2010d) and is also collaborating with different international organisations such as the United Nations and the governments of various countries to help campaign against sale and use of tobacco among different nations (WHO, 2010e). Recommendations and Conclusion Upon analysing the current situation on a local, national and global basis, the following recommendations can be made: Initiatives to prevent coronary heart disease and promote anti smoking habits need to be undertaken at the grass root level, i.e. at local level. This will make the initiatives and campaigns more effective. The developing nations such as India, Brazil and China need to be targeted with confidence. Further researches into preventive and curative medicines and technologies for coronary heart diseases need to be promoted. Healthy lifestyle needs to be promoted at every level since preventive practices are more beneficial than curative ones. It is important to realise that despite several initiatives being taken by local, national and global agencies and governments, smoking trends are increasing around the world and has started to affect the young population. Coronary heart disease too has started to take its toll on the population around the world due to the hectic and unhealthy lifestyles that have come to permeate people s lives. It is highly essential that for the success of the initiatives and programmes, people must be involved in them and everyone across the globe has to realise that simple changes to their lifestyle, eating habits and anti smoking measures will help to fight and prevent coronary heart disease. The changes in lifestyle will also bring down coronary heart disease caused due to other factors such as stress, alcohol, blood sugar and cholesterol. To conclude, it can be stated that prevention is better than cure and quitting smoking and leading a healthy lifestyle can protect everyone from the silent killer, the coronary heart disease (Ewles Simnet, 2003). 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